Bean Creek, originating from Devils Lake and flowing toward Hudson, Michigan, passes through an area of intensive agricultural activity (Figures 1, 2, and 3a). The rise of megafarms, particularly large-scale dairy operations, have created concern over water quality due to nutrient enrichment, chemical runoff, and ecological contamination. These concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) often utilize thousands of acres of cropland within a 5 to 10-mile radius of the central facility for feed production and manure application (MSU Extension, 2023; EGLE, 2024). Previous studies have linked large-scale agricultural operations to eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and ecological stress in freshwater systems (Withers & Jarvie, 2014; Akinnawo et al., 2023). However, there has been little direct monitoring of Bean Creek in this specific reach and limited investigation into whether Devils Lake may play a role in filtering upstream pollutants.
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